1. 這三個詞都用來談論兩者:both 意為“(兩者)都”,either意為“(兩者中)任意一個”,neither 意為“(兩者)都不”。若要指三者或三者以上,分別用 all 意為“(三者)都”,any 意為“(三者中)任何一個”,none 意為“(三者)都不”等。比較:
He has two sons; both of them are clever.
He has three sons; all of them are clever.
He has two sons; either of them is clever.
He has three sons; any of them is clever.
He has two sons; neither of them is clever.
He has three sons; none of them are clever.
2. 它們既可用作代詞,也可用作形容詞。用作形容詞時,both 后接復數名詞,而 either 和 neither 之后要接單數可數名詞。如:
Both of the brothers are here. / Both brothers are here. 兄弟倆都在這兒。
Either of the books will do. / Either book will do. 兩本書中哪一本都行。
Neither of the stories is interesting. /Neither story isinteresting. 兩個故事都沒有趣。
【注】代詞 both, either, neither 用作主語時,both 之后的謂語動詞總是復數,either 和 neither 后的謂語動詞通常用單數。
3. 這三個詞都可用作連詞,但搭配和意義各不相同。總的說來,要注意它們應連接兩個平行對等的句子成分(即同為兩個主語、謂語、賓語、狀語等):
(1) both……and……表示兩者兼有。如:
She was both tired and hungry. 她又累又餓。
He speaks both English and French. 他既說英語又說法語。
(2) either……or……表示兩者或兩種可能性中任擇其一。如:
He must be either mad or drunk. 他不是瘋了就是醉了。
You can either write or phone to request a copy. 你可以寫信可打電話來索取一本。
(3) neither……nor……表示兩者都否定。如:
It’s neither cold nor hot. 天氣既不冷也不熱。
He neither knows or cares what happened. 他對所發生的事既不知道也不關心。
【注】以上連詞連接主語時,both……and……一般只與復數謂語連用,either……or……和 neither……nor……則通常根據就近原則,要求謂語動詞與最鄰近主語的人稱、數保持一致。如:
Either you or I am wrong. 不是你錯就是我錯。
Neither he nor she was at home. 他和她都不在家。
3. 注意下面兩個同義句:
兩邊都有商店。
正:There are shops on both sides.
正:There are shops on either side.
兩個我都不要。
正:I want neither of them.
正:I don’t want either of them.
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